The Dust Bowl also known as Dirty Thirties was a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936, however in some places it lasted until 1940. The Dust Bowl was caused by a severe drought, (which is a long period without rain) also coupled with decades of extensive farming without crop rotation or other techniques to prevent erosion. Deep plowing of the top soil of the Great Plains had killed the natural grassed that normally kept the soil in place and trapped moisture, even during the period of droughts and high winds.
During the drought of the 1930’s with no natural anchors to keep the soil into place, it dried, turned to dust, and blew away eastward and southward in large dark clouds. At times the clouds blackened the sky reaching all the way to the East Coat cities such as, New York and Washington D.C. Much of the soil ended up deposited in the Atlantic. These immense dust storms were given names such as, “Black Blizzards” and “Black Rollers” often reduced visibility to a few feet.
The Dust Bowl affected 100,000,000 acres, centered on the pan handles of Texas and Oklahoma, and adjacent parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas. The Dust Bowl was an ecological and human disaster caused by the misuse of land years of sustained droughts. Millions of acres of farming became useless, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to leave their homes. Many of these families were known as “Okies” (because so many of them came from Oklahoma), traveled to mainly California, along with other states. Because they found economic conditions better than those places they had left. Many owning no land, traveled farm to farm picking fruit and other crops at starvation wages.
On November 11th, 1933, a very strong dust storm stripped top soil from desiccated South Dakota farmlands in just one of a serious of bad storms during 1933. Then beginning on May 9th, 1934, a strong two-day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great Plains top soil in one of the worst storms of the Dust Bowl. The dust clouds blew all the way to Chicago where dirt fell like snow. Two days later on May 11th, the same storm reached cites in the east such as, Buffalo, Boston, New York City, and Washington D.C. That winter, red snow fell on New England.
On April 14th, 1935, known as “Black Sunday” twenty of the worst “Black Blizzards” occurred throughout the Dust Bowl, causing extensive damage and turning the day to night. It was so bad that people could not see five feet in front of them at certain points. Some roosters thought it was night instead of day, and went to sleep during them.
“If you would like your heart broken, just come out here,” wrote Ernie Pyle, a roving reported in Kansas, just north of Oklahoma border, in June 1936. “This is the dust-storm country, and it is the saddest land I have ever seen.”
“In the dust-covered desolations of our No Man’s Land here, wearing our shade hats, with handkerchiefs tied over out faces and Vaseline in our nostrils, we have been trying to rescue our home from the wind-blown dust which penetrates wherever air can go. It is almost a hopeless task, for there is rarely a day when at some time the dust clouds do not roll over ‘visibility’ approaches zero and everything is covered again with a silt-like deposit which may vary in depth from a film to ritual ripples on the kitchen floor.” Says in a letter from a woman of Oklahoma in June of 1935.
During president Franklin D. Roosevelt’s first 100 days in office in 1933, governmental programs designed to conserve soil and restore the ecological balance of the nation were implemented. Interior Secretary, Harold C. Ickes established the Soil Erosion Service in August 1933, under Hugh Hammond Bennett. In 1935 it was reorganized and renamed the Soil Conservation Service.
President Roosevelt ordered that civilian conservation crops to plant a huge belt of more than 200 million tress from Canada to Abilene, Texas to break the wind, hold in water in the soil, and hold the soil itself in place. The administration also began to educate farmers on soil conservation and erosion techniques including, crop rotation, strip farming, contour plowing, terracing, and other improved farming practices. In 1937, the federal government began an aggressive campaign to encourage Dust Bowlers to adopt planting and plowing methods that conserved the soil. The government paid the reluctant farmers one dollar an acre to practice one of the new methods.
In 1938, after extensive work re-plowing the land into furrows, planting tress in shelterbelts and other conservation methods has resulted in a 65 percent reduction in the amount of soil blowing. However the drought continued. In the fall of 1939, the rain came, finally bringing an ending to the drought. During the next few years with the coming of World War 2, the country is pulled out of the Depression and the plains once again b

